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Mozilla Firefox
Maintainer: Mozilla Corporation / Mozilla Foundation
Stable release: 2.0.0.6 (July 30, 2007) [+/-]
Preview release: 3.0a6 (July 2, 2007) [+/-]
OS: Cross-platform
Available language(s): Multilingual,[1] EULA in English only[2]
Use: Web browser
License: Mozilla EULA for binary redistribution
Website: http://www.mozilla.com/firefox/
Firefox (category)
Mozilla
Mozilla Firefox is a graphical web browser developed by the Mozilla
Corporation, and a large community of external contributors. Firefox,
officially abbreviated as Fx or fx[3] and popularly abbreviated FF,[4]
started as a fork of the Navigator browser component of the Mozilla
Application Suite. Firefox has replaced the Mozilla Suite as the flagship
product of the Mozilla project, under the direction of the Mozilla
Foundation.
Mozilla Firefox is a cross-platform browser, providing support for various
versions of Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. However, the source code
has been unofficially ported to other operating systems, including
FreeBSD,[5] OS/2, Solaris, RISC OS,[6] SkyOS, BeOS and more recently,
Windows XP Professional x64 Edition.[7]
Firefox's source code is available under the terms of the Mozilla
tri-license as free and open source software. The current stable release of
Firefox is version 2.0.0.6, released on July 30, 2007.[8]
According to Market Share by Net Applications, 14.55% of the world's Web
browsers used Firefox in June 2007, with 13.92% using version 1.5 or higher.
[9]
History
History of Mozilla Firefox
Dave Hyatt and Blake Ross began working on the Firefox project as an
experimental branch of the Mozilla project. They believed the commercial
requirements of Netscape's sponsorship and developer-driven feature creep
compromised the utility of the Mozilla browser.[10] To combat what they saw
as the Mozilla Suite's software bloat, they created a pared-down browser,
with which they intended to replace the Mozilla Suite. On April 3, 2003, the
Mozilla Organization announced that they planned to change their focus from
the Mozilla Suite to Firefox and Thunderbird.[11]
The Firefox project has undergone several name changes. Originally titled
Phoenix, it was renamed because of trademark issues with Phoenix
Technologies. The replacement name, Firebird, provoked an intense response
from the Firebird free database software project.[12][13][14] In response,
the Mozilla Foundation stated that the browser should always bear the name
Mozilla Firebird to avoid confusion with the database software. Continuing
pressure from the database server's development community forced another
change; on February 9, 2004, Mozilla Firebird became Mozilla Firefox (Firefox
for short).[15]
The Firefox project went through many versions before 1.0 was released on
November 9, 2004. In addition to stability and security fixes, the Mozilla
Foundation released its first major update to Firefox version 1.5 on
November 29, 2005. On October 24, 2006, Mozilla released Firefox 2. This
version includes updates to the tabbed browsing environment, the extensions
manager, the GUI, and the find, search and software update engines; a new
session restore feature; inline spell checking; and an anti-phishing feature
which was implemented by Google as an extension[16][17] and later merged
into the program itself.[18]
Features
Features of Mozilla Firefox
Features included with Firefox are tabbed browsing, spell checker,
incremental find (via the Find toolbar), Live bookmarking, an integrated
download manager, and a search system that includes Google. The user can
customize Firefox with downloadable extensions, themes, and advanced
preferences not present in the Options dialog that are accessible via the
about:config page.[19] The developers of Firefox aimed to produce a browser
that "just surfs the web"[20] and delivers the "best possible browsing
experience to the widest possible set of people."[21] Firefox provides an
environment for web developers in which they can use built-in tools or
extensions. These include the built-in JavaScript Console and the DOM
Inspector. One of the most popular features of Firefox is its support for
add-ons. These include Themes for the browser, but also extensions like
Source Editor, Grease Monkey, and IE Tab which make special tasks easier,
and improve browsing experience.
Standards support
Firefox market share
by version
June, 2007[22]
Firefox Betas 0.03 %
Firefox 1.0 0.60 %
Firefox 1.5 2.85 %
Firefox 2 11.07 %
Total 14.55 %
Mozilla Firefox supports many software standards, including HTML, XML, XHTML,
CSS, ECMAScript (JavaScript), DOM, MathML, DTD, XSLT, XPath, and PNG images
with alpha transparency.[23] In addition Firefox supports the SVG standard,
however what exists in the current stable version should only be treated as
a "technology preview", as it is not a full implementation.[24] Firefox also
supports standards proposals created by the WHATWG such as the offline
storage[25][26] and canvas element.[27] Although Firefox 2 does not pass the
Acid2 standards-compliance test, development builds of Firefox 3 do.[28]
Security
Firefox uses SSL/TLS to protect communications with web servers using strong
cryptography when using the HTTPS protocol.[29] It uses a sandbox security
model[30] and the developers use a "bug bounty" scheme, for finding fixes
for some security[31] and feature additions. Official guidelines for
handling security vulnerabilities discourage early disclosure of
vulnerabilities so as not to give potential attackers an advantage in
creating exploits.[32]
Because Firefox has fewer and less severe publicly known unpatched security
vulnerabilities than Internet Explorer (see Comparison of web browsers),
improved security is often cited as a reason to switch from Internet
Explorer to Firefox.[33][34][35][36] The Washington Post reports that
exploit code for critical unpatched security vulnerabilities in Internet
Explorer was available for 284 days in 2006. In comparison, exploit code for
critical security vulnerabilities in Firefox was available for 9 days before
Mozilla shipped a patch to remedy the problem.[37]
A 2006 Symantec study showed that Firefox had surpassed other browsers in
the number of vendor-confirmed vulnerabilities that year through September;
these vulnerabilities were patched far more quickly than those found in
other browsers.[38] Symantec later clarified their statement, saying that
Firefox still had fewer security vulnerabilities, as counted by security
researchers.[39] As of July 9, 2007, Firefox 2 has 10 security
vulnerabilities unpatched, the most severe of which was rated "less
critical" by Secunia.[40] Internet Explorer has seven security
vulnerabilities unpatched, the most severe of which was rated "moderately
critical" by Secunia.[41] (Note that the number of "Secunia Advisories"
listed for each does not reflect the actual number of vulnerabilities
reported for each. Advisory SA23282 for Mozilla Firefox 2.0.x contains
multiple vulnerabilities.)
Licensing
Firefox is free and open source software, and is tri-licensed under the
Mozilla Public License (MPL), GNU General Public License (GPL), and the GNU
Lesser General Public License (LGPL). These licenses permit anyone to view,
modify and/or redistribute the source code, and several publicly released
applications have been built on it; for example, Netscape, Flock and
Songbird make use of code from Firefox.
The official end-user builds of Firefox distributed from mozilla.com are
licensed under the Mozilla EULA.[2] Several elements do not fall under the
scope of the tri-license and have their use restricted by the EULA,
including the trademarked Firefox name and artwork, and the proprietary
Talkback crash reporter. Because of this and the clickwrap agreement
included in the Windows version, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) consider
these builds proprietary software.[42]
In the past, Firefox was licensed solely under the MPL,[43] which the FSF
criticizes for being weak copyleft; the license permits, in limited ways,
proprietary derivative works. Additionally, code under the MPL cannot
legally be linked with code under the GPL or the LGPL.[44][45] To address
these concerns, Mozilla re-licensed Firefox under the tri-license scheme of
MPL, GPL, and LGPL. Since the re-licensing, developers have been free to
choose the license under which they will receive the code, to suit their
intended use: GPL or LGPL linking and derivative works when one of those
licenses is chosen, or MPL use (including the possibility of proprietary
derivative works) if they choose the MPL.[43]
Trademark and logo issues
The name "Mozilla Firefox" is a registered trademark; along with the
official Firefox logo, it may only be used under certain terms and
conditions. Anyone may redistribute the official binaries in unmodified form
and use the Firefox name and branding for such distribution, but
restrictions are placed on distributions which modify the underlying source
code.[46]
To allow distributions of the code without using the official branding, the
Firefox source code contains a "branding switch". This switch allows the
code to be compiled without the official logo and name, for example to
produce a derivative work unencumbered by restrictions on the Firefox
trademark (this is also often used for betas and alphas of future Firefox
versions). In the unbranded compilation the trademarked logo and name are
replaced with a freely distributable generic globe logo and the name of the
release series from which the modified version was derived. The name "Deer
Park" is used for derivatives of Firefox 1.5, "Bon Echo" for derivatives of
Firefox 2.0, and "Gran Paradiso" is used for derivatives of Firefox
3.0.[citation needed]
Outside of certain exceptions made for "community editions", distributing
modified versions of Firefox under the "Firefox" name requires explicit
approval from Mozilla for the changes made to the underlying code, and
requires the use of all of the official branding. For example, it is not
permissible to use the name "Firefox" without also using the official logo.
When the Debian project decided to stop using the official Firefox logo in
2006 (because of restrictions on its use incompatible with the project's
guidelines), they were told by a representative of the Mozilla Foundation
that this was not acceptable, and were asked to either comply with the
published trademark guidelines or cease using the "Firefox" name in their
distribution.[47] Ultimately, Debian switched to branding their modified
version of Firefox "Iceweasel".
Advertising
The rapid adoption of Firefox, 100 million downloads in its first year of
availability,[48] followed a series of aggressive marketing campaigns
starting in 2004 with a series of events Blake Ross and Asa Dotzler called
"marketing weeks".[49]
On September 12, 2004,[50] a marketing portal dubbed "Spread Firefox" (SFX)
debuted along with the Firefox Preview Release, creating a centralized space
for the discussion of various marketing techniques. The portal enhanced the
"Get Firefox" button program, giving users "referrer points" as an
incentive. The site lists the top 250 referrers. From time to time, the SFX
team or SFX members launch marketing events organized at the Spread Firefox
website.
The "World Firefox Day" campaign started on July 15, 2006[51] - the
anniversary of the founding of the Mozilla Foundation - and ran until
September 15, 2006. Participants registered themselves and a friend on the
website for nomination to have their names displayed on the Firefox Friends
Wall, a digital wall that will be displayed at the headquarters of the
Mozilla Foundation.
Market adoption
Market adoption of Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Firefox's marketshare has grown for each growth period since
inception, mostly at the expense of Internet Explorer. Internet Explorer has
seen a steady decline of its usage share since Firefox's release. According
to Dutch web analytics firm OneStat, by July 2006, Firefox was the
second-most widely used browser, with 12.93% of global usage share.[52] By
March 2007, according to data made available by U.S. firm NetApplications,
Firefox's market share had grown to 15.1% globally.[53]
Downloads have continued at an increasing rate since Firefox 1.0 was
released in November 2004, and as of February 12, 2007 Firefox has been
downloaded over 300 million times. This number does not include downloads
using software updates or from third-party websites.[54] They do not
represent a user count, as one download may be installed on many machines,
or one person may download the software multiple times. According to Mozilla
CEO Mitchell Baker, Firefox had 75 to 100 million users as of May 2007.[55]
Critical reception
Forbes.com called Firefox the best browser in a 2004 commentary piece.[56]
PC World named Firefox the "product of the year" in 2005 on their "100 Best
Products of 2005" list.[57] After the release of Firefox 2 and Internet
Explorer 7 in 2006, PC World reviewed both and declared that Firefox was the
better browser.[58] Which? Magazine named Firefox its Best Buy web
browser.[59]
Internet Week ran an article in which many readers reported high memory
usage in Firefox 1.5.[60] Mozilla developers said the higher memory use of
Firefox 1.5 is at least partially an effect of the new fast
backwards-and-forwards (FastBack) feature.[61] Other known causes of memory
problems are malfunctioning extensions, such as Google Toolbar and some old
versions of Adblock,[62] or plug-ins, such as older versions of Adobe
Acrobat Reader.[63] When PC Magazine compared memory usage of Firefox, Opera
and Internet Explorer, they found that Firefox seemed to use only about as
much memory as the other browsers.[64] Tests performed by PC World and
Zimbra indicate that Firefox 2 uses less memory than Internet Explorer
7.[58][65]
Softpedia notes that Firefox takes longer to start up than other
browsers,[66] which was confirmed by browser speed tests. IE 6 also launches
slightly faster than Firefox on Microsoft Windows since many of its
components are built into Windows and are loaded during system startup. As a
workaround for the issue, a preloader application was created that loads
components of Firefox on startup, similar to Internet Explorer.[67]
Relationship with Google
The Mozilla Corporation's relationship with Google[68][69] has been noted in
the media, especially with regards to use of Firefox to provide revenues and
data for Google. The release of the anti-phishing protection in Firefox 2
especially raised controversy.[70] Enabled by default, anti-phishing
protection is based on a list that is updated about twice per hour and
downloaded to the user's computer[71] from Google's server. The user cannot
change the data provider within the GUI,[72] and is not informed who the
default data provider is. The browser also sends Google's cookie with each
request for update.[73] The "advanced" security feature of builds by the
Mozilla Foundation activate an anti-phishing feature to provide live
protection and, according to the Mozilla Wiki,[74] send each visited URL to
Google.[75] The user must explicitly opt-in for this service, however. There
are Internet privacy concerns surrounding how Google may use the data, even
though Firefox's privacy policy states that Google may not use personal
information for any purposes other than the anti-phishing protection
feature.[71]
In 2005, the Mozilla Foundation and Mozilla Corporation had a combined
revenue of US$52.9 million. Approximately 95 percent of this revenue[76] was
related to their search engine relationships.[77]
Response from competition
Despite Firefox's gains on Internet Explorer, Microsoft's head of Australian
operations, Steve Vamos, stated in late 2004 that he did not see Firefox as
a threat and that there was not significant demand for the feature set of
Firefox among Microsoft's users.[78]
Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates has used Firefox, but he has commented "so
much software gets downloaded all the time, but do people actually use
it?"[79] A Microsoft SEC filing on June 30, 2005 acknowledged that
"competitors such as Mozilla offer software that competes with the Internet
Explorer Web browsing capabilities of our Windows operating system
products."[80]
Despite the cold reception from Microsoft's top management, the Internet
Explorer development team does have a healthy relationship with Mozilla.
They meet regularly to discuss web standards such as validation
certificates.[81] In 2005 Mozilla agreed to allow Microsoft to use its RSS
logo in the interest of common graphical representation of the RSS
feature.[82]
In August 2006, Microsoft offered to help Mozilla integrate Firefox with the
then-forthcoming Windows Vista,[83] which Mozilla accepted.[84]
In October 2006, as congratulations for a successful ship of Firefox 2, the
Internet Explorer 7 development team sent a cake to Mozilla.[85][86]
Future development
This article or section contains information about scheduled or expected
future software.
The content may change dramatically as the software release approaches and
more information becomes available.
According to the Firefox roadmap, future development will include version
3.0. Development on version 3.0, which will be based on Gecko 1.9, occurs
simultaneously on the Mozilla trunk. Newer versions of Firefox will use the
Cairo graphics library as the rendering layer instead of the platform's
native rendering engine.[87]
Version 3.0
The development name for Mozilla Firefox 3 is Gran Paradiso.[88] The
precursory releases were codenamed "Minefield", as this was the name of the
trunk builds. "Gran Paradiso" (trans. "Great Paradise"), like other Firefox
development names, is an actual place; in this case the highest mountain
group in the Graian Alps. With the release of version 3.0 alpha 1 on
December 8, 2006, it adopted the "Gran Paradiso"
codename.[89][90][91][92][93][94] A post on the Mozilla Wiki "Release
Roadmap" from President of Products Christopher Beard suggests a release in
November 2007.[95] A broken down release plan can be seen here. [96]
The largest change for Firefox 3 is the implementation of Gecko 1.9, an
updated layout engine which uses Cairo as a graphics backend, allowing for
improved graphics performance and better consistency of look and feel on
various operating systems. Because of Cairo's lack of support for Windows
95, Windows 98, Windows ME, and Windows NT 4.0, and because Microsoft
decided to end support for Windows 98 and Windows Me on July 11, 2006,
Firefox 3 will not run on those operating systems. Similarly, the Mac
version of Firefox 3 will only run on Mac OS X 10.3 or higher,[97][98] but,
unlike previous versions, will have a native Cocoa widget interface.[99]
Firefox 3 will also include native support for microformats,[100] as well as
various features that were bumped from Firefox 2, such as the overhauled
Places system for storing bookmarks and history in an SQLite backend.[101]
There is also advanced ongoing work focused on further implementation of
features from Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group or WHATWG
specification.[102][103] In particular, support for the
controversial[104][105] "ping"[106] attribute in <a> and <area> HTML
elements is implemented and enabled by default.[107] The only purpose of
this additional attribute is tracking clicking on links.[106][107] LWN.net
notes that "ping" has advantages over current click-tracking techniques
because it can more reliably get the user to their intended destination and
the user has the option of turning the "ping" feature off.[108] The
development team was asking users to submit feature requests that they wish
to be included in Firefox 3.[109]
Version 4.0
On October 13, 2006, Brendan Eich, Mozilla's Chief Technology Officer, wrote
about the plans for Mozilla 2.0, the platform on which Firefox 4.0 is likely
to be based. These changes include improving and removing XPCOM APIs,
switching to standard C++ features, just-in-time compilation with JavaScript
2 (known as the Tamarin project), and tool-time and runtime security
checks.[110][111]
Discontinued Versions
The following are the end of life dates for various versions of Firefox.
* Firefox 1.0 reached its end of life in an announcement on April 12, 2006
with the release of version 1.0.8.
* Firefox 1.5 was scheduled to reach its end of life on April 24, 2007, but
on that day, an announcement was made pushing the date back a couple of
weeks to mid-May 2007 in order to allow for a 1.5.0.12 release. Users are
urged to update to the latest stable version, currently 2.0.0.5, as soon as
possible.
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Further reading
* Granneman, Scott (2005). Don't Click on the Blue e!: Switching to Firefox.
O'Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00939-9.
* Hofmann, Chris; Marcia Knous, & John Hedtke (2005). Firefox and
Thunderbird Garage. Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 0-13-187004-1.
* McFarlane, Nigel (2005). Firefox Hacks. O'Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00928-3.
* Reyes, Mel (2005). Hacking Firefox: More Than 150 Hacks, Mods, and
Customizations. Wiley. ISBN 0-7645-9650-0.
* Ross, Blake (2006). Firefox for Dummies. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-74899-4.
* Yeow, Cheah Chu (2005). Firefox Secrets: A Need-To-Know Guide. O'Reilly.
ISBN 0-9752402-4-2.
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