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Lake Tahoe
Coordinates 39°6′N, 120°6′W
Lake type geologic block faulting
Primary outflows Truckee River
Basin countries United States
Max length 22 miles (35 km)
Max width 12 miles (19 km)
Surface area 191 mi² (495 km²)[1]
Average depth 989 feet (301 m)
Max depth 1,645 feet (501 m)
Water volume 122,160,280 acre-feet (151 km³)
Residence time (of lake water) 650 yrs
Shore length1 71 miles (114 km)
Surface elevation 6,229 feet (1,899 m)
Islands Fannette Island
Settlements South Lake Tahoe, California
Stateline, Nevada
Tahoe City, California
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.
Lake Tahoe is a large freshwater lake in the Sierra Nevada mountains of the
United States, located along the border between California and Nevada at
Lake Tahoe's major bend west of Carson City. The lake is known for the
clarity of its water and the panorama of surrounding mountains on all sides.
The area surrounding the lake is also referred to as Lake Tahoe, or simply
Tahoe. It is home to a number of ski resorts, summer outdoor recreation, and
tourist attractions.
Geography
Lake Tahoe is the second deepest lake in the United States with a maximum
depth of 1,645 ft (501 m),[1] trailing only Oregon's Crater Lake at 1,949 ft
(594 m). Tahoe is also the twelfth deepest lake in the world, and the fourth
deepest in average depth.[2] It is about 22 mi (35 km) long and 12 mi (19
km) wide and has 72 mi (116 km) of shoreline and a surface area of 191
square miles or 495 square kilometers. Approximately two-thirds of the
shoreline is in California. The south shore is dominated by the lake's
largest city, South Lake Tahoe, California, which adjoins the town of
Stateline, Nevada, while Tahoe City, California is located on the lake's
northwest shore. Although highways run within sight of the lake shore for
much of Tahoe's perimeter, many important parts of the shoreline now lie
within state parks or are protected by the United States Forest Service.
Natural history
Geology
The Lake Tahoe Basin was formed by a geologic block (normal) faulting about
2 to 3 million years ago. A geologic block fault is a fracture in the
earth's crust causing blocks of land to move up or down. Uplifted blocks
created the Carson Range on the east and the Sierra Nevada on the west.
Down-dropped blocks (a graben) created the Lake Tahoe Basin in between. Some
of the highest peaks of the Lake Tahoe Basin that formed during this process
were Freel Peak at 10,891 ft (3,320 m), Monument Peak at 10,067 ft (3,068 m)
(the present Heavenly Ski Resort), Pyramid Peak at 9,983 ft (3,043 m) (in
the Desolation Wilderness), and Mount Tallac at 9,735 ft (2,967 m).
Eruptions from the extinct volcano Mount Pluto formed a dam on the north
side. Melting snow filled the southern and lowest part of the basin to form
the ancestral Lake Tahoe. Rain and runoff added additional water.
Modern Lake Tahoe was shaped and landscaped by scouring glaciers during the
Ice Ages, which began a million or more years ago. Many streams flow into
Lake Tahoe, but the lake is drained only by the Truckee River, which flows
northeast through Reno, Nevada and into Pyramid Lake, Nevada which has no
outlet.
Soils of the basin come primarily from andesitic volcanic rocks and
granodiorite, with minor areas of metamorphic rock. Some of the valley
bottoms and lower hill slopes are mantled with glacial moraines, or glacial
outwash material derived from the parent rock. Cryopsamments, Cryumbrepts,
rockland, rock outcrops and rubble and stony colluvium account for over 70%
of the land area in the basin (see USA soil taxonomy). The basin soils (in
the < 2 mm fraction) are generally 65-85% sand (0.05–2.0 mm).
Climate
Mean annual precipitation ranges from over 55 inches/year or 140 cm in
watersheds on the west side of the basin to about 26 inches/year or 67 cm
near the lake on the east side of the basin. Most of the precipitation falls
as snow between November and April, although rainstorms combined with rapid
snowmelt account for the largest floods. There is a pronounced annual runoff
of snowmelt in late spring and early summer, the timing of which varies from
year to year. In some years, summertime monsoon storms from the Great Basin
bring intense rainfall, especially to high elevations on the east side of
the basin. As the climate in the northern Sierra warms, hydrologists
anticipate that an increasing fraction of the precipitation in basin will
fall as rain rather than snow.
The National Weather Service reports that August is normally the warmest
month at the Tahoe Valley Airport (elevation 6,254 feet) with an average
maximum of 78.7° and an average minimum of 39.8°. January is the coolest
month with an average maximum of 41.0° and an average minimum of 15.1°. The
all-time maximum of 99° was recorded on July 22, 1988. The all-time minimum
of -29° was recorded on December 9, 1972, and February 7, 1989. Temperatures
exceed 90° on an average of 2.0 days annually. Minimum temperatures of 32°
or lower occur on an average of 231.8 days annually, and minimum
temperatures of 0° or lower occur on an average of 7.6 days annually.
Freezing temperatures have occurred every month of the year. No
precipitation statistics are available for the airport.
Ecology
Vegetation in the basin is dominated by a mixed conifer forest of Jeffrey
pine (P. Jeffreyi), lodgepole pine (P. murrayana), white fir (Abies concolor),
and red fir (A. magnifica). The basin also contains significant areas of wet
meadows and riparian areas, dry meadows, brush fields (with Arctostaphylos
and Ceanothus) and rock outcrop areas, especially at higher elevations.
Ceanothus is capable of fixing nitrogen, but mountain alder (Alnus
tenuifolia), which grows along many of the basin’s streams, springs and
seeps, fixes far greater quantities, and contributes measurably to nitrate-N
concentrations in some small streams.
Human history
Native peoples
The area around Lake Tahoe was originally inhabited by the Washoe tribe of
Native Americans. Lake Tahoe was the center and heart of Washoe Indian
territory, including the upper valleys of the Walker, Carson, and Truckee
Rivers. The English name for lake Tahoe derives from the Washo dá’aw,
"lake".[3]
Exploration
Lt. John C. Frémont and Kit Carson were the first non-indigenous people to
see Lake Tahoe, during Fremont's second exploratory expedition. On February
14, 1844, while searching for the Bonaventura River he first sighted the
lake from Red Lake Peak in what is now the Carson Pass. After arriving at
Sutter's Fort he designated it Lake Bonpland, in honor of the French
explorer and botanist Aimé Jacques Alexandre Bonpland. John Calhoun Johnson,
Sierra explorer and founder of "Johnson's Cutoff" (now Hwy 50), was the
first white-man to see Meeks Bay and from a peak above the lake he named
"Fallen Leaf Lake, California" after his Indian guide. His first job in the
west was in the government service, carrying the mail on snowshoes from
Placerville to Nevada City, during which time he named the lake "Lake Bigler"
in honor of California’s governor John Bigler. In 1853 William Eddy, the
surveyor general of California, identified Tahoe as Lake Bigler. In 1862 the
U.S. Department of the Interior first introduced the name Tahoe. Both names
were used until well into the next century. The lake didn't receive its
official and final designation as Lake Tahoe until 1945.
California and Nevada reached the compromise to partition Tahoe between the
two when California became a state. With the state line through the middle
of the lake and then at 39 degrees north latitude, the state border runs
southeasterly towards the Colorado River.
Mining era
Upon discovery of gold in the South Fork of the American River in 1848,
thousands of gold seekers going west passed near the basin on their way to
the gold fields. European civilization first made its mark in the Lake Tahoe
basin with the 1858 discovery of the Comstock Lode, a silver deposit just 15
miles (24 km) to the east in Virginia City, Nevada. From 1858 until about
1890, logging in the basin supplied large timbers to shore up the
underground workings of the Comstock mines. The logging was so extensive
that loggers cut down almost all of the native forest. In 1864, Tahoe City
was founded as a resort community for Virginia City, the first recognition
of the basin’s potential as a destination resort area.
Development
Public appreciation of the Tahoe basin grew, and during the 1912, 1913, and
1918 congressional sessions, congressmen tried unsuccessfully to designate
the basin as a national park. During the first half of the 20th century,
development around the lake consisted of a few vacation homes. The
post-World War II population and building boom, followed by construction of
gambling casinos in the Nevada part of the basin during the mid-1950s, and
completion of the interstate highway links for the 1960 Squaw Valley
Olympics, resulted in a dramatic increase in development within the basin.
From 1960 to 1980, the permanent residential population increased from about
10,000 to greater than 50,000, and the summer population grew from about
10,000 to about 90,000. Since the 1980s, development has slowed due to
controls on land use.
Environmental issues
Water quality
In spite of land-use planning and export of treated sewage effluent from the
basin, the lake is becoming increasingly eutrophic (having an excessive
richness of nutrients), with primary productivity increasing by more than 5%
annually, and clarity decreasing at an average rate of 0.25 meters per year.
Fine sediment, much of it resulting from land disturbance in the basin,
accounts for about half of the loss in clarity.
Until the early 1980s, nutrient-limitation studies showed that primary
productivity in the lake was nitrogen-limited. Now, after a half-century of
accelerated nitrogen input (much of it from direct atmospheric deposition),
the lake is phosphorus-limited. Because the volume of the lake is so large
(156 km³) and its hydraulic residence time so long (about 650 years), its
eutrophication may be essentially irreversible.
Lake Tahoe never freezes. Since 1970, it has mixed to a depth of at least
400 m a total of 6 or 7 times. Dissolved oxygen is relatively high from top
to bottom.
Analysis of the temperature records in Lake Tahoe has shown that the lake
warmed (between 1969 and 2002) at an average rate of 0.015°C per year. The
warming is caused primarily by increasing air temperatures, and secondarily
by increasing downward long-wave radiation. Both of these factors are
associated with global warming. The warming trend is reducing the frequency
of deep mixing in the lake, and may have important effects on water clarity
and nutrient cycling.
Ecosystem changes
Since the 1960s, the Lake's food web and zooplankton populations have
undergone major changes. In 1963–65, opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta) were
introduced to enhance the food supply for the introduced Kokanee salmon (Onchorhynchus
nerka). The shrimp began feeding on the Lake's cladocerans (Daphnia and
Bosmina), and their populations virtually disappeared by 1971. The shrimp
provide a food resource for salmon and trout, but also compete with juvenile
fish for zooplankton. Since the 1970s, the cladoceran populations have
somewhat recovered, but not to former levels.
Lake Tahoe is actually a tributary watershed drainage element within the
Truckee River Basin, and its sole outlet is the Truckee River, which
continues on to discharge to Pyramid Lake. Because of the sensitivity of
Truckee River water quality (involving two protected species, the cui-ui
sucker fish and the Lahontan cutthroat trout), this drainage basin has been
studied extensively. The primary investigations were stimulated by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, who funded the development of the DSSAM
model to analyze water quality below Lake Tahoe.
In June 2007, the Angora Fire burned approximately 3,100 acres throughout
the South Lake Tahoe area. While the impact of ash on the lake's ecosystem
is predicted to be minimal, the impact of potential future erosion is not
yet known.[4]
Environmental protection
Until recently, construction on the banks of the Lake had been largely under
the control of wealthy real estate developers. Construction activities have
resulted in a clouding of the lake's blue waters. Currently, the Tahoe
Regional Planning Agency is regulating construction along the shoreline (and
has won two Federal Supreme Court battles over recent decisions). These
regulations are unpopular with many residents, especially those in the Tahoe
Lakefront Homeowners Association.
The League to Save Lake Tahoe (Keep Tahoe Blue) has been the public interest
watchdog in the Lake Tahoe Basin for over 45 years. Founded when a proposal
to build a four-lane highway around the lake—with a bridge over the entrance
to Emerald Bay—was proposed in 1959, the League has repeatedly thwarted
poorly designed development projects and environmentally unsound planning.
Currently evaluating the "Pathways 2007" comprehensive plan being developed
by TRPA, the League embraces responsible and diversified use of the Lake's
resources while protecting and restoring its natural attributes.
Since 1980, the Lake Tahoe Interagency Monitoring Program (LTIMP) has been
measuring stream discharge and concentrations of nutrients and sediment in
up to 10 tributary streams in the Lake Tahoe Basin, California-Nevada. The
objectives of the LTIMP are to acquire and disseminate the water quality
information necessary to support science-based environmental planning and
decision making in the basin. The LTIMP is a cooperative program with
support from 12 federal and state agencies with interests in the Tahoe
Basin. This data set, together with more recently acquired data on urban
runoff water quality, is being used by the Lahontan Regional Water Quality
Control Board to develop a program (mandated by the Clean Water Act) to
limit the flux of nutrients and fine sediment to the Lake.
Tourist activities
Much of the area surrounding Lake Tahoe is devoted to the tourism industry
and there are many restaurants, ski slopes and casinos catering to visitors.
Winter sports
During ski season, thousands of people from all over Nevada and California,
including Las Vegas, Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area, flock to
the slopes for some of the best skiing in the world. Lake Tahoe, in addition
to its panoramic beauty, is well known for its blizzards.
Some of the major ski areas in Tahoe include:
* Heavenly Mountain Resort: the largest ski area in California and Nevada,
located near Stateline, Nevada
* Squaw Valley: the second largest ski area, known for its hosting of the
1960 Winter Olympics, located near Tahoe City
* Alpine Meadows: a medium sized ski area on the north shore only a few
miles from Squaw Valley
* Diamond Peak: a small ski area located in Incline Village, Nevada
* Northstar at Tahoe: a popular north shore ski area
* Kirkwood Mountain Resort: a south shore ski area which gets more snow than
any other ski area in Tahoe
* Sierra-at-Tahoe: a small south shore ski area
* Boreal Ski Resort: a small ski area on Donner Pass
* Sugar Bowl Ski Resort: a medium sized ski area in Donner Pass
* Donner Ski Ranch: a very small ski area on Donner Pass
* Homewood Ski Resort: a medium sized ski area on the west shore
* Mount Rose Ski Resort: a medium sized ski area north-east of the Lake, on
Slide Mountain
For an instant overview of the locations and conditions of Tahoe ski
resorts, see Ski Bonk's resort map.
Scattered throughout Tahoe are public and private sled parks. Some, such as
Granlibakken are equipped with rope tows to help sledders get up the hill.
Many ski areas in Tahoe also have Snow tubing, such as Squaw Valley. Snow
tubing is popular among people who are interested in alternative sports.
Throughout Tahoe, Cross Country Skiing, Snowmobile riding, and Snowshoeing
are also popular, thus there are many trails for them.
Water sports
During the summer, the lake is popular for water sports and beach
activities. The two cities most identified with the Lake Tahoe tourist area
are South Lake Tahoe, California and the smaller Stateline, Nevada; smaller
centers on the northern shoreline include Tahoe City and Kings Beach.
Boating, the primary activity in Tahoe in the summer, is known worldwide.
There are lakefront restaurants all over the lake, most equipped with docks
and buoys (See the restaurants section) There are all sorts of boating
events, such as sailboat racing, firework shows over the lake, guided
cruises, and more. Lake Tahoe also has its own Coast Guard.
List of Tahoe Marinas:
* Camp Richardson
* Homewood High and Dry Marina
* Lakeside
* Meeks Bay Marina
* Sierra Boat Company
* Ski Run Marina
* Tahoe City Marina
* Tahoe Keys Marina
* Timber Cove Marina
List of Lake Tahoe Cruise Ships:
* M.S. Dixie
* M.S. Dixie II
* Tahoe Gal
* Tahoe Queen
Hiking and mountain biking
There are hundreds of hiking and mountain-biking trails all around the lake.
They range in length, difficulty, and popularity. One of the most famous of
Tahoe's trails is the Tahoe Rim Trail, a 165-mile trail that circumnavigates
the lake. Directly to the west of the lake is the Desolation Wilderness,
which provides great hiking and wilderness camping. One of the most popular
trailheads is the Eagle Lake Trailhead.
Gambling
Gambling is legal on the Nevada side of Lake Tahoe. On the North Shore is
Crystal Bay and Incline Village, while Stateline is on the South Shore.
Stateline is home to 6 major casinos including:
* Harrah's Lake Tahoe
* Harveys Lake Tahoe now owned by Harrah's
* Lake Tahoe Horizon Casino Resort
* Bill's Casino Lake Tahoe
* MontBleu Resort Casino & Spa, formerly Caesars Lake Tahoe
* Lakeside Inn
Each has a variety of slots and table games. The Hard Rock Cafe is located
inside of Harveys.
Highways
Visitors can reach Lake Tahoe in 2 hours from the Sacramento area via U.S.
Route 50. In winter months, chains or snow tires are sometimes necessary,
particularly from the communities of Twin Bridges to Meyers which is on the
other side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Highway 50 passes the Lake Tahoe
Airport en route to shoreline communities and eventually Stateline, Nevada.
The Pioneer Trail is an effective bypass for reaching the popular casinos at
Stateline and the Heavenly Mountain Resort, after which it re-connects with
Highway 50. After following the eastern shoreline northbound through Zephyr
Cove and Glenbrook, it heads sharply east over the Carson Range and down
into the valley towards Carson City, Nevada.
The other primary route to Lake Tahoe is on Interstate 80 that goes over
Donner Pass and through Truckee and then on to Reno. Once in Truckee one can
take highway 267 or Highway 89 to Kings Beach or Tahoe City, respectively,
on the north shore of the lake. Unlike U.S. Route 50 which is a 2 lane
highway through the Sierra Nevada Mountains, Interstate 80 is a 4 lane
highway.
Highway 89 splits off before South Lake Tahoe at an intersection known as
"The Y." It crosses the western edge of the lake through the picturesque
wilderness and connects camping, fishing and hiking locations such as those
at Emerald Bay State Park, DL Bliss State Park and Camp Richardson. Farther
along are communities such as Meeks Bay and Tahoe City. Finally, the highway
turns away from the lake and heads northwest toward Truckee.
Highway 28 completes the circuit from Tahoe City up and around the northern
shore to communities such as Kings Beach, Crystal Bay, and into Incline
Village, Nevada. Both a California and Nevada State Highway, Route 28
returns along the eastern shore to meet up with US Highway 50 near Spooner
Lake.
Other roads include State Route 431, which connects to Reno, Nevada, from
the north shore. Drivers from the south shore would take U.S. Route 50 to
Carson City and then head north on U.S. Route 395 into Reno. State Route
207, also known as the Kingsbury Grade, heads over the Carson Range and into
Carson Valley communities beyond.
Miscellaneous facts
* Although Lake Tahoe is a natural lake, it is also used for water storage
by the Truckee-Carson Irrigation District (TCID). The lake level is
controlled by a dam at the lake's only outlet, the Truckee River, at Tahoe
City. The dam only increases the lake's capacity by 732,000 acre-feet and it
only controls the top 6 feet of the lake.
* Vehicles Impact Lake Clarity - During peak season, cars and trucks driving
in the Tahoe Basin account for 1 million vehicle miles per day, traveling on
roads surrounding the 72-mile lake.
* Emerald Bay, in the west side of the lake, is a National Natural Landmark,
and is protected by Emerald Bay State Park
* Fannette Island is the lake's only island. It is also protected by Emerald
Bay State Park.
* The Chevrolet Tahoe SUV is named after the lake.
* The North Shore features the Cal Neva Resort (once owned by Frank Sinatra)
which has a marked state line running through it (even through its swimming
pool).
* Mark Twain accidentally started a forest fire in Lake Tahoe as described
in Chapter XXIII of Roughing It.
* It is mentioned in The Godfather Part II where part of the movie was
filmed at the west shore development of Fleur-de-Lac. In the movie, the
Corleone family resides on Lake Tahoe and Fredo Corleone is shot and killed
while fishing on the lake.
* The Vans Tahoe Cup is held at Northstar at Tahoe.
* The four largest communities at Lake Tahoe are South Lake Tahoe, CA,
Stateline, NV, Tahoe City, CA and Incline Village, NV.
* There's a communications error handling algorithm named Tahoe; there's
also a variant named Reno.
* British Rock Band 'A' wrote a song called "I Love Lake Tahoe" which is
available on their album A vs. Monkey Kong. The song tells of the band's
yearly trips to the ski resort. Furthermore, Californian band Sherwood wrote
a song called "Lake Tahoe (for my Father)", released on their album Sing,
But Keep Going.
Panorama of Lake Tahoe from Squaw Valley.
Panorama of Lake Tahoe from Squaw Valley.
Peaks and Mountains
* Mount Tallac (9,735')
* Mount Pluto (8,610')
* Rubicon Peak (9,183')
* Genoa Peak (9,150')
* Freel Peak (10,881')
* Mount Rose (10,778')
* Ellis Peak (8,740')
* Scott Peak (8,289')
* Ward Peak (8,637')
* Dick's Peak (9,974')
* Maggies Peak (8,699')
* Jakes Peak (9,187')
* Monument Peak n(10,067')
* Duane Bliss Peak (8,729')
* Jobs Peak (10,633')
* Jobs Sister (10,823')
* Stevens Peak (10,061')
* Red Lake Peak (10,061')
* Relay Peak (10,324')
* Mount Houghton (10,483')
* Snow Valley Peak (9,214')
Notes
1. ^ a b Facts About Lake Tahoe. Lake Tahoe Data Clearinghouse.
2. ^ Lakes of the Earth
3. ^ Bright, William (2004). Native American Place Names of the United
States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pg. 34
4. ^ "Raging Tahoe Fire's Roots: 150 Years of Mismanagement," Carl T. Hall,
'San Francisco Chronicle', June 26, 2007, A-1
Selected references
* [1] Tahoe.com - The naming of Tahoe's mountains
* Byron, E. R., and C. R. Goldman, 1989. Land use and water quality in
tributary streams of Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Jour. Environ. Qual. 18:
84-88.
* Chang, C. C. Y., J. S. Kuwabara, and S. P. Pasilis. 1992. Phosphate and
iron limitation of phytoplankton biomass in Lake Tahoe. Can. Jour. Fish. and
Aquatic Sci. 49: 1206-1215.
* Coats, R. N., and C. R. Goldman, 2001. Patterns of nitrogen transport in
streams of the Lake Tahoe basin, California-Nevada. Water Resour. Res. 37:
405-415.
* Coats, R. N., J. Perez-Losada, G. Schladow, R. Richards and C. R. Goldman.
2006. The Warming of Lake Tahoe. Climatic Change (In Press).
* Gardner, J., V., A. M. Larry, and J. H. Clarke. 1998. The bathymetry of
Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
98-509.
* Goldman, C. R., A. Jassby, and T. Powell. 1989. Interannual fluctuations
in primary production: meteorological forcing at two subalpine lakes. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 34: 310-323.
* Goldman, C. R., A. D. Jassby, and S. H. Hackley. 1993. Decadal,
interannual, and seasonal variability in enrichment bioassays at Lake Tahoe,
California-Nevada, USA. Can.J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50: 1489-1496.
* Hatch, L. K., J. E. Reuter, and C. R. Goldman, 2001. Stream phosphorus
transport in the Lake Tahoe Basin, 1989-1996. Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment 69: 63-83.
* Jassby, A. D., C. R. Goldman, and T. M. Powell. 1992. Trend, seasonality,
cycle, and irregular fluctuations in primary productivity at Lake Tahoe,
California-Nevada, USA. Hydrobiol. 246: 195-203.
* Jassby, A. D., J. E. Reuter, R. P. Axler, C. R. Goldman, and S. H. Hackley,
1994. Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and phosphorus in the annual
nutrient load of Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada). Water Resour. Res. 30:
2207-2216.
* Jassby, A. D., C. R. Goldman and J. E. Reuter. 1995. Long-term change in
Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada, U.S.A.) and its relation to atmospheric
deposition of algal nutrients. Arch. Hydrobiol. 135: 1-21.
* Jassby, A. D., C. R. Goldman, J. E. Reuter, and R. C. Richards. 1999.
Origins and scale dependence of temporal variability in the transparency of
Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Limnol. Oceanog. 44: 282-294.
* Jassby, A., J. Reuter, and C. R. Goldman. 2003. Determining long-term
water -quality change in the presence of climate variability: Lake Tahoe
(U.S.A.). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 60: 1452-1461.
* Leonard, R. L., L. A. Kaplan, J. F. Elder, R. N. Coats, and C. R. Goldman,
1979. Nutrient Transport in Surface Runoff from a Subalpine Watershed, Lake
Tahoe Basin, California. Ecological Monographs 49: 281-310.
* Nagy, M., 2003. Lake Tahoe Basin Framework Study Groundwater Evaluation
Lake Tahoe Basin, California and Nevada. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Sacramento, CA.
* Naslas, G. D., W. W. Miller, R. R. Blank and G. F. Gifford, 1994.
Sediment, nitrate, and ammonium in surface runoff from two Tahoe basin soil
types. Water Resour. Bull. 30: 409-417.
* Richards, R. C., C. R. Goldman, E. Byron, and C. Levitan, 1991. The mysids
and lake trout of Lake Tahoe: A 25-year history of changes in the fertility,
plankton, and fishery of an alpine lake. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 9: 30-38.
* Schuster, S., and M. E. Grismer, 2004. Evaluation of water quality
projects in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
90: 225-242.
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