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Marquess
A marquess (British English spelling) or marquis (North American English and
the original French spelling) is a nobleman of hereditary rank in various
European monarchies and some of their colonies. The term is also used to
render equivalent oriental styles as in imperial China and Japan. In the
British peerage it ranks below a duke and above an earl, on the continent
usually equivalent where a cognate title exists. A woman with the rank of
marquess, or the wife of a marquess, is a Marchioness, (IPA pronunciation:
[ˌmɑ(r)ʃə'nɛs]) or marquise (North American English and the original French
spelling).
Origin
The original title was Margrave, or rather its original in German, Markgraf,
with a few equivalents in other languages in use in parts of the Holy Roman
Empire (such as Markgraaf in Dutch, Margravio in Italian). The English word
derives via the Middle French marquis (feminine, marquise) from Old French
Marchis from Medieval Latin marca "frontier, frontier territory", ultimately
from a Germanic word for 'border' (mark) which in English became march,
plural marches. The French form marquis, recorded in English since 1300, is
still sometimes used (especially in Scotland), though marquess is now the
preferred British usage. They were originally counts who were granted extra
powers because they guarded border areas. This gave them precedence over
other counts (in England, earls). This origin is still evident in the German
language (Mark+graf=March+count).
In Venice, so many of the nobles in the Libro d'Oro styled themselves
marchese by 1529, that when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, entered Venice
that year, he lost patience with the distinctions among his recent,
desultory enemies: vos omnes marchiones appello he announced, "I call all of
you marchesi" to the delight of a contemporary Florentine. This story was
revived when Genoa joined the Kingdom of Italy in 1861: all the patricians
of Genoa were declared marchesi al cognome ("marchesi by name"— "only" being
implied).
British Marquesses
Peerage of England
Unlike the continent, in England (later Britain, ultimately the UK) the
monarchy is the only authority capable of awarding hereditary titles. It
managed to keep a tight grip on aristocratic titles, so the ranks of the
peerage still correspond fairly neatly to the wealth of those who bear
titles. Thus, there are currently only 34 marquessates (see list).
The first marquess in England was Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford, who
was created Marquess of Dublin by Richard II on the 1 December 1385. On 13
October 1386, the patent of this marquessate was recalled, and Robert de
Vere was raised to Duke of Ireland. John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, the
second legitimate son of John of Gaunt, was raised to the second marquessate
as Marquess of Dorset in September 1397. In 1399, he was disgraced, and the
king revoked his marquessate. The Commons petitioned Richard for his
restoration but he himself objected stating "the name of marquess is a
strange name in this realm". From that period the title appears to have been
dormant till the reign of Henry VI, when it was revived in 1442. The only
woman to be created a marchioness in her own right was Lady Anne Boleyn, who
was created Marchioness of Pembroke in preparation for her marriage to Henry
VIII. The investiture ceremony was held at Windsor Castle on September 1,
1532.
Forms of address
A British Marquess is formally styled 'The Most Honourable The Marquess of
X'*, and informally styled 'Lord X', and his wife 'Lady X'. As with Dukes,
all sons bear the courtesy style 'Lord Forename [Surname]' and all daughters
bear the courtesy style 'Lady Forename [Surname]'. This courtesy style for
the eldest son, however, is often trumped by a subsidiary title of his
father, such as Earl or Viscount, which is used instead (especially for
signing documents, the signature being only the name of the title, 'X').
This form of signature is true for all peers, including peers by courtesy.
For example, the Marquess of Salisbury would sign his name merely
'Salisbury'.
A Marquess by courtesy, however, (which would always be the heir to a
dukedom, since the courtesy title of an heir must always be at least one
rank below that of the peer) does not enjoy the style of 'Most Honourable',
but is merely known as the 'Marquess of X'. The genuine Marquess as a peer,
however, is always the 'Most Honourable the Marquess of X', to differentiate
a Marquess by courtesy (i.e. the heir to a dukedom) from a Marquess in his
own right.
* Although the vast majority of Marquessates are named after places, and
hence their holders are known as the 'Marquess of X', a very few of them are
named after surnames (even if not the bearer's own), and hence their holders
are known as the 'Marquess X'. In either case, he is still informally known
as 'Lord X', regardless whether there is an 'of' in his title, and it is
always safe to style him so.
Styles of Sons and Daughters
A marquess or marchioness is styled "The Most Honourable", for example, The
Most Honourable the Marquess of Bath. Note that the second "the" is
required.
Eldest Son
The eldest son of a marquess is traditionally known by his father's
secondary title (he invariably has one) for example, Viscount Someplace.
Younger Sons
The younger sons of a marquess receive the courtesy title of Lord, for
example, Lord John Smith.
A baron has a similar title, but is styled "the Right Hon. the". However,
the younger son of a marquess has precedence before a baron.
Daughters
The daughters of a marquess receive the courtesy title of Lady, for example,
Lady Mary Smith. The second "the" is absent.
A baroness has a similar title, but is styled "the Right Hon. the" .
However, the younger daughter of a marquess has precedence before a
baroness.
Marquesal titles in other European languages
The following list may still be incomplete. Female forms follow after a
slash; many languages have two words, one for the 'modern' Marquess and one
for the original margrave In Italy the equivalent modern rank (as opposed to
margravio) is that of marchese, the wife of whom is a marchesa, a good
example of how several languages adopted a new word derived from Marquis for
the modern style, thus distinguishing it from the old 'military' margraves.
Even where neither title ever was used domestically, such duplication to
describe foreign titles can exist.
Germanic languages
* Danish Markis /Markise
* Dutch Markies, Markgraaf /Markiezin, Markgravin
* German Markgraf, Marquis /Markgräfin, Marquise
* Icelandic Markgreifi /Markgreifynja
* Luxemburgish Marquis /Marquise
* Norwegian (only awarded to a few Danish families) Markis /Markise
* Swedish Markis, Markgreve /Markise, Markgrevinna
Romance languages
* Latin Marchio
* Catalan Marquès /Marquesa
* French Marquis, Margrave/Marquise
* Italian Margravio, Marchese /Marchesa
* Monegasque Marchise /Marchisa
* Portuguese Margrave, Marquês /Marquesa
* Rhaeto-Romanic Marchis /Marchesa
* Romanian Marchiz /Marchiză
* Spanish Marqués /Marquesa
Slavonic and Baltic languages
* Belarusian Markiz /Markiza
* Bulgarian Markiz /Markiza
* Croatian Markiz /Markiza
* Czech Markýz /Markýza
* Latvian Marķīzs /Marķīze
* Lithuanian Markizas /Merkize
* Macedonian Markiz /Markiza
* Polish Margrabia, Markiz /Margrabina, Markiza
* Russian Markiz /Markiza
* Serbian Markiz /Markiza
* Slovak Markíz /Markíza
* Slovene Markiz /Markiza
* Ukrainian Markiz /Markiza
Other languages
* Albanian: Markiz /Markizë
* Estonian: Rajakrahv /Rajakrahvinna or simply Markii/Markiis
* Finnish: Rajakreivi /Rajakreivitär or simply Markiisi /Markiisitar
* Greek (modern): Markisios /Markisia
* Hungarian: Őrgróf (Márki) / Őrgrófnő (Márkinő) / Őrgőrófné (consort of an
Őrgróf)
* Maltese: Markiż /Markiża
Outside Europe
Various European monarchies created titles of various ranks, including
Marquess, in chief of "titles" (estates, or simply the names of places or
regions) in their colonial territories overseas, e.g. in Spanish and South
America, regardless whether the ennobled families resided there.
Equivalent non-Western titles
Like other major Western noble titles, Marquess or Marquis is sometimes used
to render certain titles in non-western languages with their own traditions,
even though they are as a rule historically unrelated and thus hard to
compare, which are considered 'equivalent' in relative rank.
This is the case with:
* in imperial China, hu (or hou), conferred in three classes, was the third
of ten ranks of hereditary titles of Nobility, or Hereditary Ranks (Chüeh
Yin or Shih Chüeh), conferred on subjects and collateral members of the
Imperial clan, so only under Yen Shêng Kung (sacred Prince, only conferred
on the posterity of Confucius) and Kung (divided into three classes (or Têng),
translated as Duke, but more correctly Prince). Only these first three ranks
were classed as "Eminent Ranks" (or Ch'ao P'in) and were accompanied by
honorific epiphets (or Chia Ming), and heritable for a specific number of
generations, ranging from twenty-six generations for a first class Kung to
one generation for a Yün Ch'i Yü. In certain instances, some titles were
held by Right of Perpetual Inheritance (or Shih Hssi Wang T'i).
* in Meiji Japan, Kōshaku (侯爵), a hereditary peerage (Kazoku) ran, was
introduced in 1884, granting a hereditary seat in the upper house of the
imperial diet just as a British peerage did (until Tony Blair's House of
Lords Act 1999), with the ranks usually rendered as Baron, Viscount, Count,
Marquis and Duke. The Japanese rendered these titles in Chinese (though
there the titles devaluate when a new generation succeeds), though the
Western titles were used in translation.
* in Korea, the seven main grades of nobilty were similar to those in China,
with ranks descending by one degree with each succeeding holder of the
title. As in China, Champan, rendered as Marquis, was the third, only under
Gun (Prince) and Kung (Duke) and above Poguk (Count), Pansoh (Viscount),
Chamise (Baron) and Chusa (no Western equivalent, but somewhat similar to
the British title of Baronet)
* in Vietnam's Annamite realm / empire, Hau was a senior title of hereditary
nobility, equivalent to Marquis, for male members of the Imperial clan,
ranking under Vuong (King), Quoc-Cong (Grand Duke), Quan-Cong (Duke) and
Cong (Prince, but here under Duke, rather like a German Fürst), and above Ba
(Count), Tu (Viscount), Nam (Baron) and Vinh phong (no equivalent, roughly
Baronet).
Sources and references
* The Chronological Peerage of England, hereditarytitles.com as of March 2,
2003; [1]; omits Normanby, misspells Hartington as Martington, places
Marquess of Lorn and Kintyre in peerage of England (Scotland is more
probable).
* EtymologyOnLine
* Encyclopædia Britannica 1911: "Buckingham and Normanby, John Sheffield,
1st Duke of (1648-1721)" mentions the title Marquess of Normanby in peerage
of England.
* RoyalArk on non-European dynasties, here China under the Manchu (last)
Emperors, see also Glossary, and via Home look up other nations
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